Executive Summary
310
Total PYQ Questions
53
Chapters Covered
11
Exam Sessions
67
Repeated Questions
108
MCQs (35%)
194
SAQs (63%)
8
LAQs (3%)
8
High Priority Chapters
🔑 Key Findings
- Top 3 most-tested chapters: Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, Adrenergic Drugs.
- Most consistent chapter: Drugs For Asthma And Copd — appeared in 10/11 exam sessions.
- 67 repeated/near-duplicate questions found — these are guaranteed-marks material.
- Total marks weightage is highest in Adrenergic Drugs (54 marks) — give it extra attention.
- 8 chapters are HIGH priority (≥10 Qs), 19 MEDIUM, 26 LOW.
Visual Analysis
Question Types Distribution
Top Chapters by Question Count
High (≥10 Qs)
Medium (5-9 Qs)
Low (<5 Qs)
Top Chapters by Total Marks Weightage
MCQ / SAQ / LAQ Breakdown — Top 10 Chapters
Year-wise / Session-wise Trend Analysis
11 exam sessions detected (each unique Paper Code = one exam session). Chapters appearing in more sessions are repeatedly tested year after year.
Chapter Consistency — Sessions Appeared In
Chapter Consistency Ranking
| # | Chapter | Sessions | Frequency | Consistency |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Drugs For Asthma And Copd | 10 / 11 | 91% | ALWAYS ASKED |
| 2 | Pharmacodynamics | 9 / 11 | 82% | ALWAYS ASKED |
| 3 | Pharmacokinetics | 8 / 11 | 73% | ALWAYS ASKED |
| 4 | Adrenergic Drugs | 8 / 11 | 73% | ALWAYS ASKED |
| 5 | Antiepileptic Drugs | 7 / 11 | 64% | ALWAYS ASKED |
| 6 | Vitamins And Minerals | 7 / 11 | 64% | ALWAYS ASKED |
| 7 | Drug Toxicity And Poisoning | 7 / 11 | 64% | ALWAYS ASKED |
| 8 | Insulin And Oral Hypoglycemics | 7 / 11 | 64% | ALWAYS ASKED |
| 9 | Antitubercular Drugs | 7 / 11 | 64% | ALWAYS ASKED |
| 10 | Diuretics | 7 / 11 | 64% | ALWAYS ASKED |
| 11 | Antiemetics | 6 / 11 | 55% | ALWAYS ASKED |
| 12 | Non Beta Lactam Antibiotics | 6 / 11 | 55% | ALWAYS ASKED |
| 13 | Drugs For Peptic Ulcer | 6 / 11 | 55% | ALWAYS ASKED |
| 14 | Drug Interactions And Adverse Effects | 6 / 11 | 55% | ALWAYS ASKED |
| 15 | Cholinergic Drugs | 5 / 11 | 45% | FREQUENT |
| 16 | Cns Sedatives Hypnotics | 5 / 11 | 45% | FREQUENT |
| 17 | Opioid Analgesics | 5 / 11 | 45% | FREQUENT |
| 18 | Antihypertensive Drugs | 5 / 11 | 45% | FREQUENT |
Session-wise Breakdown
| Session | Questions | Top Chapters |
|---|---|---|
| Exam 1 | 28 | Antiepileptic Drugs (2), Adrenergic Drugs (2), Antiemetics (2) |
| Exam 2 | 28 | Adrenergic Drugs (3), Drugs For Asthma And Copd (2), Vitamins And Minerals (2) |
| Exam 3 | 26 | Adrenergic Drugs (2), Cholinergic Drugs (2), Vitamins And Minerals (2) |
| Exam 4 | 52 | Pharmacokinetics (6), Antiadrenergic Drugs (5), Antianginal Drugs (4) |
| Exam 5 | 13 | Drugs For Parkinsons (1), Antiepileptic Drugs (1), Disease Modifying Antirheumatic (1) |
| Exam 6 | 15 | Drugs For Peptic Ulcer (2), Drugs In Pregnancy (2), Pharmacodynamics (2) |
| Exam 7 | 12 | Insulin And Oral Hypoglycemics (2), Cns Sedatives Hypnotics (2), Dermatological Drugs (2) |
| Exam 8 | 39 | Adrenergic Drugs (5), Pharmacokinetics (4), Drugs For Heart Failure (4) |
| Exam 9 | 33 | Antiretroviral Drugs (4), Hormonal Drugs (3), Antipsychotic Drugs (2) |
| Exam 10 | 38 | Pharmacokinetics (5), Pharmacodynamics (5), Drugs For Peptic Ulcer (4) |
| Exam 11 | 26 | Insulin And Oral Hypoglycemics (3), Hormonal Drugs (2), Cns Sedatives Hypnotics (2) |
Repeated & Near-Duplicate Questions
67 repeated/similar question pairs found across exam sessions. These topics are HIGH-YIELD — prepare them first.
🔁 High-Yield Keywords (appearing in 3+ sessions)
drugs 11therapeutic 9adverse 9effects 8poisoning 7treatment 7receptor 7therapy 7patient 7acute 7action 7pharmacological 6disease 6status 6mechanism 6management 6preferred 5blockers 5glaucoma 5asthma 5diuretics 5brief 5local 5clinical 5reactions 4
Question Pairs (sorted by similarity)
EXACT REPEAT Chapter: Antiepileptic Drugs
Q124Management of status epilepticus
Q143Write briefly about management of status epilepticus.
EXACT REPEAT Chapter: Pharmacodynamics
Q171Phase III clinical Trial
Q247What is a phase IV clinical trial?
NEAR DUPLICATE · 71% similar Chapter: Opioid Analgesics
Q79Describe briefly adverse drug reactions and therapeutic uses of: Morphine
Q80Describe briefly adverse drug reactions and therapeutic uses of: Atropine
NEAR DUPLICATE · 71% similar Chapter: Opioid Analgesics
Q79Describe briefly adverse drug reactions and therapeutic uses of: Morphine
Q81Describe briefly adverse drug reactions and therapeutic uses of: Clonidine
NEAR DUPLICATE · 71% similar Chapter: Anticholinergic Drugs
Q80Describe briefly adverse drug reactions and therapeutic uses of: Atropine
Q81Describe briefly adverse drug reactions and therapeutic uses of: Clonidine
NEAR DUPLICATE · 67% similar Chapter: Pharmacokinetics
Q43Bioavailability and its significance
Q239What is bioavailability? Explain its clinical significance?
NEAR DUPLICATE · 67% similar Chapter: Antiemetics
Q53Describe in details: Antiemetic drugs
Q65Write short notes: Antiemetic drugs
NEAR DUPLICATE · 67% similar Chapter: Antiepileptic Drugs
Q58Write short notes: Status epilepticus
Q124Management of status epilepticus
NEAR DUPLICATE · 67% similar Chapter: Antiepileptic Drugs
Q58Write short notes: Status epilepticus
Q143Write briefly about management of status epilepticus.
NEAR DUPLICATE · 67% similar Chapter: Antiretroviral Drugs
Q158Mechanism of action and therapeutic uses of Lamivudine.
Q273Mechanism of action and therapeutic uses of pioglitazone.
NEAR DUPLICATE · 64% similar Chapter: Antipsychotic Drugs
Q136Which of the following antipsychotic agent is considered to be the most potent and thus have the highest risk of extrapyramidal syndrome
Q301Which of the following antipsychotic agents is considered to be the most potent and, thus, have the highest risk of extrapyramidal symptoms?
NEAR DUPLICATE · 60% similar Chapter: Antiglaucoma Drugs
Q122Management of open angle glaucoma.
Q271Management of narrow angle glaucoma.
NEAR DUPLICATE · 56% similar Chapter: Adrenergic Drugs
Q33Describe Briefly adverse drug reactions and therapeutic uses of: a) Propranolol b) Misoprostol c) Carbamazepine
Q79Describe briefly adverse drug reactions and therapeutic uses of: Morphine
NEAR DUPLICATE · 56% similar Chapter: Adrenergic Drugs
Q33Describe Briefly adverse drug reactions and therapeutic uses of: a) Propranolol b) Misoprostol c) Carbamazepine
Q80Describe briefly adverse drug reactions and therapeutic uses of: Atropine
NEAR DUPLICATE · 56% similar Chapter: Adrenergic Drugs
Q33Describe Briefly adverse drug reactions and therapeutic uses of: a) Propranolol b) Misoprostol c) Carbamazepine
Q81Describe briefly adverse drug reactions and therapeutic uses of: Clonidine
NEAR DUPLICATE · 50% similar Chapter: Antiglaucoma Drugs
Q24Explain: Role of β blockers in Open Angle Glaucoma
Q122Management of open angle glaucoma.
NEAR DUPLICATE · 50% similar Chapter: Antiepileptic Drugs
Q28Describe the therapeutic status of: Lorazepam in status epilepticus
Q58Write short notes: Status epilepticus
NEAR DUPLICATE · 50% similar Chapter: Antiepileptic Drugs
Q40Classify antiepileptic drugs. Discuss mechanism of action and therapeutic uses of carbamazepine.
Q158Mechanism of action and therapeutic uses of Lamivudine.
NEAR DUPLICATE · 50% similar Chapter: Antiepileptic Drugs
Q40Classify antiepileptic drugs. Discuss mechanism of action and therapeutic uses of carbamazepine.
Q273Mechanism of action and therapeutic uses of pioglitazone.
NEAR DUPLICATE · 50% similar Chapter: Antitubercular Drugs
Q56Write short notes: Therapeutic uses and ADR Rifampicin
Q210Discuss in short: Flouroquinolones therapeutic uses
Detailed Chapter-wise Analysis
| Chapter | Questions | MCQ | SAQ | LAQ | Marks | Sessions | Priority |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pharmacokinetics | 23 | 13 | 9 | 1 | 49 | 8/11 | HIGH |
| Pharmacodynamics | 19 | 7 | 11 | 1 | 52 | 9/11 | HIGH |
| Adrenergic Drugs | 18 | 3 | 15 | 0 | 54 | 8/11 | HIGH |
| Drugs For Asthma And Copd | 16 | 10 | 6 | 0 | 28 | 10/11 | HIGH |
| Drugs For Peptic Ulcer | 13 | 5 | 8 | 0 | 29 | 6/11 | HIGH |
| Insulin And Oral Hypoglycemics | 11 | 2 | 8 | 1 | 47 | 7/11 | HIGH |
| Antihypertensive Drugs | 10 | 4 | 6 | 0 | 25 | 5/11 | HIGH |
| Drug Interactions And Adverse Effects | 10 | 6 | 4 | 0 | 21 | 6/11 | HIGH |
| Vitamins And Minerals | 9 | 2 | 7 | 0 | 22 | 7/11 | MEDIUM |
| Antitubercular Drugs | 9 | 1 | 8 | 0 | 27 | 7/11 | MEDIUM |
| Antiepileptic Drugs | 8 | 1 | 5 | 2 | 37 | 7/11 | MEDIUM |
| Drug Toxicity And Poisoning | 8 | 2 | 6 | 0 | 14 | 7/11 | MEDIUM |
| Diuretics | 8 | 2 | 6 | 0 | 24 | 7/11 | MEDIUM |
| Cns Sedatives Hypnotics | 8 | 3 | 5 | 0 | 23 | 5/11 | MEDIUM |
| Non Beta Lactam Antibiotics | 7 | 2 | 5 | 0 | 16 | 6/11 | MEDIUM |
| Antiretroviral Drugs | 7 | 1 | 5 | 1 | 25 | 4/11 | MEDIUM |
| Antiadrenergic Drugs | 7 | 1 | 6 | 0 | 22 | 3/11 | MEDIUM |
| Antiemetics | 7 | 3 | 4 | 0 | 14 | 6/11 | MEDIUM |
| Cholinergic Drugs | 6 | 1 | 5 | 0 | 11 | 5/11 | MEDIUM |
| Antianginal Drugs | 6 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 30 | 3/11 | MEDIUM |
| Hormonal Drugs | 6 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 15 | 3/11 | MEDIUM |
| Anticholinergic Drugs | 6 | 1 | 5 | 0 | 15 | 4/11 | MEDIUM |
| Opioid Analgesics | 5 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 16 | 5/11 | MEDIUM |
| Nsaids And Non Opioid Analgesics | 5 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 14 | 4/11 | MEDIUM |
| Dermatological Drugs | 5 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 10 | 4/11 | MEDIUM |
| Drugs For Heart Failure | 5 | 1 | 4 | 0 | 19 | 2/11 | MEDIUM |
| General Pharmacology Principles | 5 | 1 | 4 | 0 | 15 | 2/11 | MEDIUM |
| Drugs For Parkinsons | 4 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 11 | 4/11 | LOW |
| Antiglaucoma Drugs | 4 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 15 | 4/11 | LOW |
| Anticoagulants And Thrombolytics | 4 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 9 | 3/11 | LOW |
| General Anaesthetics | 4 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 3/11 | LOW |
| Antipsychotic Drugs | 4 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 8 | 3/11 | LOW |
| Musculoskeletal Drugs | 3 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 8 | 3/11 | LOW |
| Antiprotozoal Drugs | 3 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 3 | 3/11 | LOW |
| Beta Lactam Antibiotics | 3 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 3/11 | LOW |
| Adrenocorticosteroids | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 3/11 | LOW |
| Drugs In Pregnancy | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 2/11 | LOW |
| Neuromuscular Blocking Drugs | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 2/11 | LOW |
| Disease Modifying Antirheumatic | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 2/11 | LOW |
| Antiarrhythmic Drugs | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 9 | 2/11 | LOW |
| Thyroid Drugs | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 11 | 2/11 | LOW |
| Pharmacovigilance | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 5 | 2/11 | LOW |
| Antileprotic Drugs | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 2/11 | LOW |
| Antifungal Drugs | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 2/11 | LOW |
| Local Anaesthetics | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2/11 | LOW |
| Antimigraine Drugs | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 2/11 | LOW |
| Immunization | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 6 | 2/11 | LOW |
| Anticancer Drugs | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 10 | 2/11 | LOW |
| Cardiovascular Drugs General | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 6 | 1/11 | LOW |
| Uterotonic Drugs | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 1/11 | LOW |
| Drugs For Erectile Dysfunction | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 1/11 | LOW |
| Cns Drugs Alzheimers | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1/11 | LOW |
| Antimicrobial Drugs General | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 5 | 1/11 | LOW |
HIGH ≥10 Questions — Must prepare thoroughly
MEDIUM 5-9 Questions — Important for scoring
LOW <5 Questions — Cover if time permits
Important Topics per Chapter
Topics extracted from PYQ patterns, grouped by priority tier.
🔴 High Priority Chapters
Pharmacokinetics
- Pharmacokinetic principles govern drug behavior in the body
- a) Clearance: Rate of drug elimination
- Distribution of Drug in the Body
- Lignocaine is effective in infected areas due to its local anesthetic properties
- Bioavailability determines dosing
Pharmacodynamics
- Pharmacokinetic principles govern drug behavior in the body
- a) Clearance: Rate of drug elimination
- Combination of antimicrobials can enhance efficacy, reduce resistance, and broaden spectrum
- Discuss in detail about the various advantages and disadvantages of combination of antimicrobials
- Bioavailability determines dosing
Adrenergic Drugs
- Combination therapies target complementary mechanisms for enhanced efficacy
- a) Adrenaline and Lignocaine: Vasoconstriction reduces bleeding
- Give the Pharmacological basis for the combined use of: Adrenaline and Lignocaine for suturing of wo
- Drug selection depends on pharmacokinetics and disease-specific requirements
- a) Proranour: GABA agonist for anxiety
Drugs For Asthma And Copd
- Drug mechanisms target specific pathophysiological processes in these conditions
- a) β blockers reduce aqueous humor production
- Explain: Role of Corticosteroids in Bronchial Asthma
- Acute severe asthma is managed with bronchodilators and corticosteroids
- Atropine counters muscarinic effects
Drugs For Peptic Ulcer
- PPIs are used for peptic ulcers, while macrolides treat respiratory infections
- a) PPIs: Inhibit gastric acid secretion
- Write notes on: Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs)
- Antiemetics target different pathways
- a) Block serotonin or histamine receptors
Insulin And Oral Hypoglycemics
- Insulin-sensitizing agents improve cellular response to insulin
- Antidiabetic drugs include sulfonylureas, metformin, and thiazolidinediones
- Classify Antidiabetic Drugs
- Metformin is first-line for type 2 diabetes due to efficacy and low hypoglycemia risk
- Oral hypoglycemics include sulfonylureas, metformin, and thiazolidinediones
Antihypertensive Drugs
- ARBs are used for hypertension and heart failure due to their vasodilatory effects
- ARBs block angiotensin II receptors, reducing vasoconstriction and aldosterone secretion
- Classify Antihypertensive Drugs
- Morphine is an opioid analgesic used for pain management
- Describe briefly adverse drug reactions and therapeutic uses of: Clonidine
Drug Interactions And Adverse Effects
- Alcohol and tinidazole can cause disulfiram-like reaction
- Comment on combination use of: a) Alcohol and tinidazole b) Lidocaine with beta blockers c) Aspirin
- Pseudoephedrine is a sympathomimetic that can increase blood pressure
- d) Oral pseudoephedrine
- A 24-year-old man is taking two medications to help with the symptoms of allergic rhinitis
🟠 Medium Priority Chapters
Vitamins And Minerals
- Retinoids have diverse applications in dermatology and medicine, while Dimercaprol is specific for m
- a) Retinoids: Used in acne, psoriasis, and hyperlipidemia
- Discuss briefly: Retinoids
- Drug selection depends on pharmacokinetics and disease-specific requirements
- a) Proranour: GABA agonist for anxiety
Antitubercular Drugs
- MDR TB and HAART require tailored regimens due to resistance and viral load management
- a) MDR TB: Requires second-line drugs
- Multi Drug Resistant Tuberculosis (MDR TB)
- MDR tuberculosis is treated with a combination of four drugs for 2 months, followed by two drugs for
- Write treatment outline of: a) MDR tuberculosis b) Acute angle glaucoma
Antiepileptic Drugs
- Sodium Valproate is a first-line treatment for various seizure types
- Sodium Valproate is an antiepileptic drug used for generalized tonic-clonic seizures and absence sei
- Classify Anti Epileptic drugs
- Lorazepam is used for acute seizures
- Lorazepam is a benzodiazepine used for acute seizures
Drug Toxicity And Poisoning
- Retinoids have diverse applications in dermatology and medicine, while Dimercaprol is specific for m
- a) Retinoids: Used in acne, psoriasis, and hyperlipidemia
- Discuss briefly: Dimercaprol
- Vitamin K is vital for clotting factors
- a) Essential for coagulation
Diuretics
- Drug mechanisms target specific pathophysiological processes in these conditions
- a) β blockers reduce aqueous humor production
- Explain: Role of Diuretics in Congestive Cardiac Failure (CCF)
- Rifampicin induces liver enzymes, causing drug interactions
- a) Treats tuberculosis
Cns Sedatives Hypnotics
- Adrenaline prevents bradycardia from lignocaine
- a) Adrenaline counteracts lignocaine's cardiac effects
- Describe pharmacological basis and benefits of: Preferring alprazolam for anxiety over other benzodi
- Benzodiazepines are classified based on their primary clinical uses
- Anxiolytics, sedatives, anticonvulsants, muscle relaxants, hypnotics
Non Beta Lactam Antibiotics
- PPIs are used for peptic ulcers, while macrolides treat respiratory infections
- a) PPIs: Inhibit gastric acid secretion
- Write notes on: Macrolides
- Thrombolytics like alteplase are time-sensitive
- a) Thrombolytics dissolve clots in myocardial infarction
Antiretroviral Drugs
- MDR TB and HAART require tailored regimens due to resistance and viral load management
- a) MDR TB: Requires second-line drugs
- Highly Active Anti Retroviral Therapy (HAART) Regimens
- ART suppresses viral replication through multiple mechanisms
- ART combines NRTIs, NNRTIs, PIs, and integrase inhibitors
Antiadrenergic Drugs
- Beta-1 blockers target cardiac beta receptors
- a) Metoprolol reduces heart rate and contractility
- Describe in details: Adrenergic beta-1 selective blockers
- β-blockers are classified based on receptor selectivity and mechanism of action
- Outline a broad classification of β-Adrenergic receptor blockers
Antiemetics
- Beta-1 blockers target cardiac beta receptors
- a) Metoprolol reduces heart rate and contractility
- Describe in details: Antiemetic drugs
- Antiemetics target different pathways
- a) Block serotonin or histamine receptors
Cholinergic Drugs
- Combination therapies target complementary mechanisms for enhanced efficacy
- a) Adrenaline and Lignocaine: Vasoconstriction reduces bleeding
- Give the Pharmacological basis for the combined use of: Neostigmine and Atropine for reversal of Neu
- Give the Pharmacological basis for the combined use of: Atropine and Pralidoxime Inorganophosphate p
- Atropine counters muscarinic effects
Antianginal Drugs
- Bisphosphonates treat osteoporosis, while MI management focuses on reperfusion and secondary prevent
- a) Bisphosphonates: Inhibit bone resorption
- Describe briefly: Pharmacotherapy of Myocardial Infarction
- Classical angina is treated with drugs that reduce myocardial oxygen demand or increase coronary blo
- Nitrates, calcium channel blockers, beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, and direct vasodilators
Hormonal Drugs
- HRT uses estrogen/progestin
- a) HRT alleviates menopausal symptoms
- Describe briefly: Hormone Replacement therapy (HRT)
- Finasteride inhibits 5α reductase, reducing DHT levels in prostate and hair follicles
- Combined oral contraceptives prevent pregnancy through multiple mechanisms
Anticholinergic Drugs
- Morphine is an opioid analgesic used for pain management
- Describe briefly adverse drug reactions and therapeutic uses of: Atropine
- The specific drugs are not provided in the question
- The specific symptoms and management are not provided in the question
- What are the symptoms of atropine toxicity and how to manage it?
Opioid Analgesics
- a) Pain of Terminal Illness: Opioids (e
- Give Pharmacotherapy of: Pain of Terminal Illness
- Morphine is an opioid analgesic used for pain management
- Describe briefly adverse drug reactions and therapeutic uses of: Morphine
- Codeine's antitussive effect is due to kappa opioid receptor agonism
Nsaids And Non Opioid Analgesics
- Vitamin K is vital for clotting factors
- a) Essential for coagulation
- Status of cyclooxygenase-2 selective inhibitor analgesics
- Indomethacin is not a prodrug
- All of following are examples of prodrugs except
Dermatological Drugs
- Prodrugs are inactive compounds that are metabolized into active drugs
- Topical retinoids and antibiotics are mainstays for acne management
- Tretinoin, benzoyl peroxide, antibiotics
- Drugs used in the management of Acne vulgaris
- Etanercept is a TNFα inhibitor used in the treatment of psoriasis
Drugs For Heart Failure
- Cardiac glycosides inhibit Na+/K+ ATPase, increasing cardiac contractility
- Write briefly on: Pharmacological actions of cardiac glycosides
- Dobutamine is an inotropic agent that increases cardiac output in patients with pulmonary edema
- Consult Standard Medical Textbook for verified answer
- Which of the following drugs may be used to increase cardiac output in a patient with pulmonary edem
General Pharmacology Principles
- The specific principles are not provided in the question
- Principal of bioethics in medical science
- The specific reason is not provided in the question
- β2-Adrenoceptor agonists are used to prolong local anesthesia by inhibiting neurotransmitter release
- Consult Standard Medical Textbook for verified answer
🟢 Low Priority Chapters
Drugs For Parkinsons
- a) Pain of Terminal Illness: Opioids (e
- Give Pharmacotherapy of: Iatrogenic Parkinsonism
- Levodopa is the primary treatment for Parkinson's disease
- Levodopa is the mainstay of treatment for Parkinson's disease
- A patient presents to the outpatient department with history of hypokinesia (slow movements), rigidi
Antiglaucoma Drugs
- Drug mechanisms target specific pathophysiological processes in these conditions
- a) β blockers reduce aqueous humor production
- Explain: Role of β blockers in Open Angle Glaucoma
- Domperidone is a dopamine antagonist used for gastroparesis
- Dipyridamole in glaucoma
Anticoagulants And Thrombolytics
- Thrombolytics like alteplase are time-sensitive
- a) Thrombolytics dissolve clots in myocardial infarction
- Discuss short notes: Role of thrombolytic in myocardial
- Heparin enhances the activity of antithrombin III, which inhibits thrombin and other clotting factor
- Consult Standard Medical Textbook for verified answer
General Anaesthetics
- Propofol is a short-acting intravenous anaesthetic used for induction
- Describe therapeutic status of: Propofol in induction of anaesthesia
- Desflurane is known to cause airway irritation due to its pungent odor
- Indicate the inhaled anesthetic, which causes the airway irritation
- Halothane is associated with hepatic necrosis due to its metabolism
Antipsychotic Drugs
- Haloperidol is a potent D2 receptor antagonist with high risk of extrapyramidal side effects
- Olanzapine is an atypical antipsychotic, while the others are typical antipsychotics
- All of the following are typical anti-psychotic drugs except:-
- Refer to Standard Medical Textbook for detailed explanation
- Fluphenazine is a highly potent antipsychotic with a high risk of extrapyramidal side effects
Musculoskeletal Drugs
- Bisphosphonates treat osteoporosis, while MI management focuses on reperfusion and secondary prevent
- a) Bisphosphonates: Inhibit bone resorption
- Describe briefly: Bisphosphonates
- Coichicine is used for acute gout, but allopurinol is preferred for long-term management
- Allopurinol is preferred for long-term management
Antiprotozoal Drugs
- MDR TB and HAART require tailored regimens due to resistance and viral load management
- a) MDR TB: Requires second-line drugs
- Atovaquone-Proguanil is effective for both prophylaxis and treatment of chloroquine-resistant malari
- Discuss briefly drug therapy: Cerebral malaria
Beta Lactam Antibiotics
- Cardiac glycosides inhibit Na+/K+ ATPase, increasing cardiac contractility
- Write briefly on: Beta lactamase inhibitors
- Discuss briefly drug therapy: Fifth generation cephalosporins
- Ceftazidime is a fourth-generation cephalosporin with enhanced activity against Gram-negative bacter
- Which of the following is a fourth generation cephalosporin:-
Adrenocorticosteroids
- Corticosteroids reduce inflammation in conditions like inflammatory bowel disease
- Inflammatory bowel disease
- Corticosteroids are useful in the treatment of which of the following disorders
- Fludrocortisone has significant mineralocorticoid activity
- Corticosteroid with significant mineralocorticoid activity is :-
Drugs In Pregnancy
- Heparin does not cross the placenta due to its large molecular size, unlike the other listed drugs
- All the following cross placenta except
- Methyldopa is preferred in pregnancy due to its safety profile and minimal fetal risk
- A woman in 28th wk of Pregnancy has been found to have Pregnancy induced Hypertension BP reading of
- Thalidomide is a well-known teratogen that causes phocomelia, a limb malformation
Neuromuscular Blocking Drugs
- Drug selection depends on pharmacokinetics and disease-specific requirements
- a) Proranour: GABA agonist for anxiety
- Explain Why: Atracurium is preferred in Hepatic or Renal Disease
- Succinylcholine can cause desensitization of acetylcholine receptors
- b) Enhanced sensitivity to ACh
Disease Modifying Antirheumatic
- Lorazepam is used for acute seizures
- Lorazepam is a benzodiazepine used for acute seizures
- Describe the therapeutic status of: Methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis
- Tofacitinib inhibits Janus kinases, which are involved in cytokine signaling
- Consult Standard Medical Textbook for verified answer
Antiarrhythmic Drugs
- Beta blockers are used as antiarrhythmic drugs by reducing heart rate and contractility
- Write notes on: a) Beta blocker as anti arrhythmic drugs b) Adverse effects of thiazide diuretics
- Amiodarone inhibits potassium channels, prolonging the action potential and stabilizing cardiac memb
- Consult Standard Medical Textbook for verified answer
- Which of the following best describes a pharmacologic property of amiodarone?
Thyroid Drugs
- Anti thyroid drugs are used for hyperthyroidism
- Discuss briefly: a) Anti thyroid drugs b) Danazol
- Refer to Standard Medical Textbook for detailed explanation
- β-blockers reduce sympathetic overactivity in thyrotoxicosis, alleviating symptoms like tachycardia
- Role of β-blockers in thyrotoxicosis
Pharmacovigilance
- Bioavailability determines dosing
- a) Bioavailability is the fraction of drug reaching systemic circulation
- Pharmacovigilance program of India in brief
- Pharmacovigilance is crucial for identifying drug-related risks and improving patient safety
- Pharmacovigilance involves monitoring drug safety, detecting adverse effects, and ensuring therapeut
Antileprotic Drugs
- HRT uses estrogen/progestin
- a) HRT alleviates menopausal symptoms
- Describe briefly: Dapsone
- Pancibacillary leprosy is treated with a combination of rifampicin and dapsone, along with clofazimi
- Drug regimen for pancibacillary leprosy include:-
Antifungal Drugs
- Antiemetics target different pathways
- a) Block serotonin or histamine receptors
- Write short notes: Oral candidiasis
- Econazole is used topically for superficial fungal infections, while others have systemic uses
- Choose the azole antifungal drug which is used only topically
Local Anaesthetics
- Bupivacaine has a higher risk of cardiotoxicity compared to other local anesthetics
- Which of the following local anesthetics is more cardiotoxic?
- Bupivacaine provides prolonged analgesia, making it suitable for labor pain management
- The local Anaesthetic of choice abusing labour is
Antimigraine Drugs
- The specific use details are not provided in the question
- Sumatriptan is used for Migraine
- Refer to Standard Medical Textbook for detailed explanation
- Sumatriptan is the preferred drug in acute severe migraine
Immunization
- Standard schedule includes vaccines for preventable childhood diseases
- BCG, OPV, DPT, MMR, Hepatitis B, etc
- National immunization schedule for children
- Rabies vaccine is administered post-exposure to prevent the disease
- Vaccine commonly administered as post exposure prophylaxis is:-
Anticancer Drugs
- Refer to Standard Medical Textbook for detailed explanation
- General toxicity of anticancer drugs includes myelosuppression, mucositis, and cardiotoxicity
- General toxicity of anticancer drugs and toxicity ameliorating Agents
- Comment on the rationality of following statements:-
Cardiovascular Drugs General
- Gastrointestinal disturbances, such as nausea and diarrhea, are common with statins and other lipid-
- Consult Standard Medical Textbook for verified answer
- Which of the following is the most common adverse effect of antihyperlipidemic drug therapy?
- Refer to Standard Medical Textbook for detailed explanation
- Management includes oxygen, nitroglycerin, aspirin, thrombolytics, PCI, and beta-blockers to reduce
Uterotonic Drugs
- Lorazepam is used for acute seizures
- Lorazepam is a benzodiazepine used for acute seizures
- Describe the therapeutic status of: Ritodrine in preterm labor
Drugs For Erectile Dysfunction
- Adrenaline prevents bradycardia from lignocaine
- a) Adrenaline counteracts lignocaine's cardiac effects
- Describe pharmacological basis and benefits of: Using sildenafil in erectile dysfunction
Cns Drugs Alzheimers
- Cholinesterase inhibitors increase acetylcholine transmission, improving memory in Alzheimer's
Antimicrobial Drugs General
- Preventing resistance requires appropriate antibiotic use and infection control measures
- Rational use of antibiotics, combination therapy, infection control
- Measures for prevention of anti microbial drug resistance
Exam Strategy & Study Plan
🔴 Phase 1 — Core
8 chapters · ~65% of questions
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, Adrenergic Drugs, Drugs For Asthma And Copd, Drugs For Peptic Ulcer, Insulin And Oral Hypoglycemics, Antihypertensive Drugs, Drug Interactions And Adverse Effects
🟠 Phase 2 — Build
19 chapters · scoring boost
Vitamins And Minerals, Antitubercular Drugs, Antiepileptic Drugs, Drug Toxicity And Poisoning, Diuretics, Cns Sedatives Hypnotics, Non Beta Lactam Antibiotics, Antiretroviral Drugs, Antiadrenergic Drugs, Antiemetics, Cholinergic Drugs, Antianginal Drugs, Hormonal Drugs, Anticholinergic Drugs, Opioid Analgesics, Nsaids And Non Opioid Analgesics, Dermatological Drugs, Drugs For Heart Failure, General Pharmacology Principles
🟢 Phase 3 — Complete
26 chapters · full coverage
Drugs For Parkinsons, Antiglaucoma Drugs, Anticoagulants And Thrombolytics, General Anaesthetics, Antipsychotic Drugs, Musculoskeletal Drugs, Antiprotozoal Drugs, Beta Lactam Antibiotics, Adrenocorticosteroids, Drugs In Pregnancy, Neuromuscular Blocking Drugs, Disease Modifying Antirheumatic, Antiarrhythmic Drugs, Thyroid Drugs, Pharmacovigilance, Antileprotic Drugs, Antifungal Drugs, Local Anaesthetics, Antimigraine Drugs, Immunization, Anticancer Drugs, Cardiovascular Drugs General, Uterotonic Drugs, Drugs For Erectile Dysfunction, Cns Drugs Alzheimers, Antimicrobial Drugs General
🔁 Final Revision
Repeated questions first
Solve all 67 repeated/near-duplicate pairs, then complete PYQs under timed conditions.
⚡ Quick Tips for Pharmacology Exam
- START with the 67 repeated/near-duplicate questions — guaranteed exam material.
- Most consistent chapter: Drugs For Asthma And Copd (10/11 sessions) — never skip it.
- For MCQs (108 total) — memorize definitions, classifications, one-liners.
- For SAQs — structure: Definition → Mechanism/Steps → Clinical Significance.
- For LAQs — prepare full diagram-based answers for top-marks chapters.
- Adrenergic Drugs has the highest cumulative marks (54) — give it extra time.
- Revise all PYQs under timed conditions at least once before the exam.